Digital Assets

Password Managers, Crypto Keys, and Cloud Archives—Drafting Digital-Asset Instructions for Travis County Estates

Published on: January 22, 2026 | By Thomas W. McCulloch

Password Managers, Crypto Keys, and Cloud Archives—Drafting Digital-Asset Instructions for Travis County Estates

Your life now lives online: email, cloud drives, photo libraries, banking apps, social media, password managers, and perhaps cryptocurrency wallets. Without clear instructions, loved ones can be locked out for months, losing irreplaceable memories and, in the case of crypto, real money. Travis County courts respect digital-asset directives when they are written correctly. If you build a practical kit into your estate plan, your executor or trustee can access what you own, protect your privacy, and move quickly without violating service contracts.

Start With an Inventory You Can Actually Maintain

A digital inventory should be short and structured. Create a spreadsheet with columns for service name, purpose, account email, recovery phone, and where credentials are stored—not the credentials themselves. Include your password manager account (1Password, Bitwarden, Keeper, or similar) and the location of your emergency kit or recovery codes. Add financial apps, cloud storage (Google Drive, iCloud, Dropbox), photo services, domain registrars, crypto exchanges, and any self-custody wallets. Review quarterly; digital life shifts faster than bank accounts do.

Handling Digital Art, NFTs, and Crypto in an Austin Probate Estate

Published on: May 19, 2025 | By David W. Miller

Handling Digital Art, NFTs, and Crypto in an Austin Probate Estate

Smartphones, hard drives, and cloud accounts store value far beyond family photos. Cryptocurrency wallets can hold six-figure sums, and NFTs sometimes trade for more than downtown condos. Digital art also carries copyright rights that affect future royalties. Unlike traditional property, these assets are invisible during a walk-through of the deceased’s home, so executors must dig for passwords and seed phrases to even know what exists. Ignoring the virtual side of an estate risks losing wealth permanently, because blockchain transactions are irreversible and private keys cannot be recreated once lost.

Locating and Valuing Crypto Holdings

The first hurdle is discovery—finding exchanges, mobile apps, or hardware wallets linked to the decedent. Bank statements may reveal ACH transfers to Coinbase or Kraken, and email accounts often store trade confirmations. After locating the coins, executors must record fair-market value on the date of death for tax basis purposes. That figure can fluctuate wildly in a single day, so using reputable price aggregators or blockchain-explorer snapshots is essential. Finally, the executor moves the assets into an estate-controlled wallet to prevent hacks or unauthorized withdrawals while probate progresses.

NFTs and Intellectual Property Concerns in Probate

Non-fungible tokens combine proof of ownership with potential copyright obligations. Some NFTs include licensing terms that limit commercial use, while others grant broad rights to reproduce the underlying artwork. Executors need to read the smart-contract metadata and any off-chain agreements to understand ongoing duties. If the artwork generates revenue—think virtual gallery showings or merchandise deals—those royalties become estate income requiring accurate accounting. When the NFT itself appreciates, capital gains tax applies upon sale, so a correct stepped-up basis is critical. Handling these complexities without legal help can expose the estate to breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims.

Why Your Digital Assets Should Be Part of Your Estate Plan

Published on: April 3, 2025 | By David W. Miller

Your smartphone holds more than photos; it stores passwords, payment apps, and cryptocurrency keys. If you live in the Dallas area and die or become incapacitated, a court must sort out that virtual treasure. Working with a Dallas probate lawyer at McCulloch & Miller, PLLC ensures your digital life fits neatly into your estate plan while still honoring Houston roots.

Your Online Footprint Carries Real-World Value

Every paragraph of an email archive, each photo in cloud storage, and each dollar in a PayPal wallet can translate into financial or sentimental worth. Before diving deeper, remember that Texas treats intangible property just like a house or a car when it comes to probate. Including these bits and bytes now spares your loved ones expensive forensic recovery later.

Who Will Inherit Your Digital Footprint in Texas?

Published on: December 27, 2023 | By Thomas W. McCulloch

Who Will Inherit Your Digital Footprint in Texas?

In 2024, the question of a decedent’s digital footprint is more relevant than ever. A digital footprint includes (but is not limited to) a person’s emails, texts, social media accounts, credit card accounts, cell phone data, and photographs – essentially, a digital footprint includes a wide array of personal information. As more questions arise about what will happen to this footprint upon an individual’s death, we look to Texas legislation, which has provided promising signs of progress.

Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Access Act

In 2017, Texas enacted an Act, the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Access Act (sometimes referred to as “RUFADAA”), that dictates how an estate’s executor is able to access a decedent’s digital assets. Essentially, as long as the executor has valid legal authority and complies with each account’s terms of service, that executor can access the digital assets in question. There are certain restrictions under the Act – for example, it generally keeps the executor from accessing the decedent’s emails, texts, and social media accounts.

Importance of Digital Estate Planning in Texas

Published on: July 31, 2022 | By David W. Miller

In light of society’s ongoing reliance on technology, digitization of property, and additional advances in internet technology, the value of digital assets is evolving exponentially. As such, individuals must incorporate digital estate planning into their traditional estate planning process. An experienced Texas attorney can assist clients in ensuring that their estate plan is effective and comprehensive.

Digital Assets

Digital assets, in the context of estate planning, refers to any asset that exists only as a numeric encoding expressed in the binary form. These assets can exist in personal and business settings. For example, personal digital assets may include music, photographs, videos, and emails. In business, digital assets may consist of payroll systems, software, and customer service information.

Additionally, Metadata may contain information about the creation and owner of digital assets. However, it is essential to note that certain items such as computers, cameras, and cell phones do not qualify as digital assets.

Importance of Transferring Digital Assets

Historically, transferring property, assets, and cherished heirlooms has been the main focus of estate planning. However, taking into account the importance of digital assets in people’s everyday lives, transferring digital assets should be a critical aspect of any estate plan. Many unknowingly leave substantial amounts of digital assets unaccounted for after their passing. Failing to account for digital assets can result in losing items, such as photos and emails with sentimental and financial value.

Texas Estate Planning and Online Accounts

Published on: June 10, 2022 | By Thomas W. McCulloch

With more people than ever with personal information online, Texans may have questions about how to incorporate this information into their estate plan. Can another person take over their accounts after they pass away? Even if someone provides their account information to another, can they legally access the accounts? As people have different preferences over how their social media, email, and financial accounts are handled, the below information can be useful for Texans navigating the estate planning process. Planning ahead and updating this access and estate plans regularly can make life easier for loved ones after they pass away.

Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act

Texas, along with other states, provides access to online accounts to a person’s legal representative if they meet one of two conditions, per the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act. First, the deceased must have activated a setting within their online account that allows disclosure of the account upon their death, or the deceased’s will must explicitly allow their representative to access their online accounts. Without either of these conditions, the representative cannot access the online accounts, even if they have been given the login information.

To meet the first condition—activating a setting within the online account—many social media platforms will allow individuals to name a “legacy contact,” which provides them with access to the account if the account holder passes away. However, it is better to include this information in an estate plan and be explicit about what accounts—be it social media, financial accounts or others—the estate’s legal representative can access.

Digital Currency and Its Effect on Texas Estate Plans

Published on: May 2, 2022 | By David W. Miller

Technology is constantly changing, and sometimes it is difficult to keep up with all of these futuristic alterations. One big technology that has gripped Texas—and the nation—is digital currency and assets. Because more and more people are getting involved in digital currency, the federal government has started to regulate and mitigate the risks of digital assets and their underlying technology. These pieces of legislation and regulations may be confusing to individuals just learning about cryptocurrency. Because of this, explanations to common questions about digital assets and their legislation are below.

What Are Digital Assets?

While the terms “digital asset” and “digital currency” have become more popular over the years, many individuals are still unsure of what these terms mean. Digital currencies are a form of digital money or monetary value. Similarly, a digital asset refers to financial assets that are issued or represented in a digital form through the use of a technology ledger. A digital currency, therefore, can be a form of a digital asset, along with cryptocurrencies, securities, derivatives, and other financial products. Digital assets can be exchanged across digital asset trading platforms. Digital assets have grown exponentially over the past few years: by November 2021, non-state issues digital assets reached a combined market capitalization of $3 trillion.

What Are Some Recent Laws Impacting Digital Assets?

One regulation that impacts digital assets was an Executive Order—entitled Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets—recently signed by President Biden. The goal of this Executive Order is to create a national policy for digital assets by addressing the risks of cryptocurrency while also encouraging Americans to take advantage of its potential benefits. The Order directs various areas of the federal government, including the Justice Department, the Department of Treasury, and the Federal Reserve System among others, to study the legal and economic implications of creating a U.S. central bank digital currency. This would be a form of digital money with a national unit that has direct ties to a central bank.

How to Modernize a Texas Estate Plan

Published on: February 1, 2022 | By McCulloch & Miller, PLLC

As time goes on, society, life, and expectations change. One of these major alterations over the past twenty years has been the emergence and accomplishments of technology. While estate planning may not be the most noticeable area in which technology is relevant, technology has dramatically impacted this area and made estate planning accessible for more Texans than ever before. However, problems may also arise if people rely too much on this technology. Below is information on the current role of technology in estate planning and emerging technology in the industry.

The Current Role of Estate Planning and Technology

Estate planning can often be complicated and complex. Individuals have very specific needs and family dynamics that need to be represented in an estate plan in order for it to be effective. Technology—especially the internet—has been useful thus far to individuals wishing to create an estate plan; however, this information is often misapplied with devastating consequences.

How Holding Cryptocurrency Affects Texas Estate Plans

Published on: December 1, 2021 | By McCulloch & Miller, PLLC

With the emergence of cryptocurrency, many questions have arisen, including the impact of cryptocurrency on everyday life and the economy. However, whether someone has a small amount of Bitcoin or millions in cryptocurrency assets, many individuals do not consider how cryptocurrency assets should be incorporated into an estate plan. Incorporating cryptocurrency into an estate plan allows assets to be protected and ensures these digital goods are passed along after a person has died. Below are common questions and explanations about cryptocurrency and its role in the estate planning process.

What is Cryptocurrency?

Although the word “cryptocurrency” is used often, not many people know what cryptocurrency actually is. Cryptocurrency is a digital currency based on a network distributed across computers, and it is nearly impossible to counterfeit. Cryptocurrencies are decentralized, meaning they operate outside the control of governments. Bitcoin is the most well-known of the cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency is accessed through a private key, which is usually a password that only the owner of the cryptocurrency knows. Without knowing the private key, an individual cannot access, buy, or sell the money. Alternatively, some brokerage houses allow investors to purchase cryptocurrency through their existing accounts.

How Can I Incorporate Cryptocurrency into My Estate Plan?

Because cryptocurrency is digital, it is essential for individuals to include instructions in their estate plan on how to access these assets. Otherwise, if the person dies, the funds may be lost forever—or it may take years to regain access. Estate planning attorneys recommend including a list of all cryptocurrency assets an individual has, along with detailed information about the cryptocurrency’s private key and login information. This will allow beneficiaries to access digital assets and ensure they are not lost forever.

What to Know About Cryptocurrency, Taxes, and Estate Planning in Houston

Published on: September 9, 2021 | By McCulloch & Miller, PLLC

Information in this article is current as of the date of publication. The policies, regulations, and laws within are subject to change with the IRS, state, or federal legislature.

There’s no denying it: It appears that cryptocurrency is here to stay.

Once confined to hidden corners of the internet, cryptocurrency transactions are now accessible to almost anyone through popular payment platforms like PayPal. Even top financial advisors are now counseling investors who can afford some additional risk in their portfolios to invest in crypto. Indeed, earlier this month, El Salvador became the first nation to recognize Bitcoin as legal tender.